Harmony at the Ninth: The repertoire problem

 In a previous post, I outlined a harmony pedagogy that would place the ninth chord near the beginning of the curriculum, not—as is typically the case (if it's taught at all)—somewhere near the end. I also noted that my plan got into trouble at the point of choosing repertoire. I'll discuss the three main reasons here: (1) repertoire bias in the traditional theory core curriculum; (2) conflict between 18th/19th century and 20th/21st century theoretical models; (3) difficulty in finding entirely diatonic examples suitable for first-year theory classroom use.

To begin, I have assembled and posted to my Google Drive a list of all the musical examples for the five essays on the dominant ninth chord that I have published on the Texas ScholarWorks platform to date: 

V9 essays repertoire list. 

The essays are named at the beginning of the file, and abstracts and links are provided.

(1) repertoire bias in the traditional theory core curriculum

The historical narrative for classical music that prevailed through much of the 20th century was progressive, that is, it began from one point (usually medieval chant) and led by more or less regular steps forward into contemporary music. So, we have the first inklings of counterpoint around 1000 AD, eventually a perfected polyphony in the 16th century, an organized major/minor tonal system thanks to continuo practice and pedagogy in the later 17th and early 18th centuries, and a gradual expansion or break-down of that system through more complex harmonic relations and increased chromaticism in the 19th century, till we reached a fully chromatic model epitomized by twelve-tone and serial music. Despite this scheme, the heart of the story remained with the High Classical period (sometimes called the First Viennese School) with Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven.

This is the narrative I learned as a young student. We had only just begun to acknowledge some of its problems even by the time I started college in 1968. For my purposes here, though, and beyond noting that these repertoire biases have barely changed in mainstream college introductory theory textbooks, the one point that is immediately relevant can be easily understood by a quick comparison of the repertoire list linked above with two textbook-based lists. The smaller of the two is derived from Kostka & Payne, 3rd ed. (even earlier than my 4th ed. copy!): David Temperley corpus study: see the bottom of that web page. The larger is the table of contents for the score anthology by Benjamin, Horvit, Koozin, and Nelson, Music for Analysis, 8th edition (2018).

Temperley extracts the 46 longest examples from the Kostka & Payne workbook. Of these, 29 are by Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and Schubert. For these 29, 11 are from piano sonatas, 3 from other pieces for piano, 9 from chamber music, 2 from concertos, 3 songs, and 1 opera.

Benjamin, Horvit, Koozin, and Nelson has 477 examples ranging from the 17th century to the present. Of these, 378 are prior to 1900, with 175 by Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and Schubert. For the 378, 49 are from piano sonatas, 12 from other pieces for piano, 32 from chamber music, 2 from concertos, 15 songs and vocal ensemble music, and 5 operas. In addition, 24 are dances in keyboard format, and 37 are from orchestral ensemble music (symphonies and overtures).

For reference, in Benjamin, Horvit, Koozin, and Nelson there are two examples from Johann Strauss, jr., while in Temperley's extracts from Kostka & Payne there are none—which points up the problem: there is very little intersection between their lists and mine, in which Johann Strauss, jr. and sr. dominate. Some important caveats: Apart from the Strausses, my study of the major dominant ninth chord is skewed toward the decades surrounding 1900. As I have noted in essays, I have generally looked at shorter compositions; for longer works, I use keyboard reductions rather than full scores but I haven't focused on large instrumental ensemble music and have done even less with chamber music. I have studied dances—especially polkas and waltzes—throughout the 19th century, not just Schubert dances. The historical circumstance that ascending cadence gestures, upper-register cadences, and clear treatment of the major dominant ninth all seem to have arisen in music for dance led me to the larger repertoires that incorporated them, beginning with opéra comique in the 1830s, then blossoming in operetta in the 1850s and later. In general, composers—including Schubert himself—would be more conservative when writing in the larger instrumental forms than in the popular forms of dance music and music for the stage. In another post I will report on my look at the Allegretto grazioso quasi Andantino in Brahms's Symphony no. 2 and at his Waltzes, op. 39. Even in the midst of the Schubert craze of the 1860s—to which he also contributed—Brahms was a genius at suggesting but avoiding the two characteristic chords of scale degree ^6: the dominant ninth and the add6.

(2) conflict between 18th/19th century and 20th century theoretical models

Textbooks still lump the “extended chords” together, in a model of progressive stacked thirds, even if, as Kostka & Payne remark in their 4th ed.: "Just as superimposed 3rds produce triads and seventh chords, continuation of that process yields ninth, eleventh, and thirteenth chords (which is not to say that this is the manner in which these sonorities evolved historically)." (!!) Jazz theory, on the other hand, doesn't bother with that, because the harmonic vocabulary is based on the dominant seventh with a variety of sounds, "tensions," and alterations built on it. In Mark Levine's Jazz Theory Book (1995), for example, "extensions" (9th, 11th, 13th) are listed in the glossary, but the ninth chord is never explicitly introduced in the text. Instead, it simply appears in the first example for the II-V-I progression:

This version of the opening of "Stella by Starlight" is a concise catalogue of the three main 9th chord types, but note that none of Levine's chord labels (above the score; mine are below in blue) indicates a 9.

Here are some additional examples drawn from different places in The Jazz Theory Book. My labels are below the score. The 9 is included in the fourth chord only because it is altered (G-nat = Fx).

(* I am grateful to UT-Austin doctoral alum and friend Joel Love for telling me about Levine's book. Link: His web page.)

(3) difficulty in finding entirely diatonic examples suitable for first-year theory classroom use

My first examples would, of course, come from Schubert waltzes, but it turned out to be difficult to find simple examples of V9 without also including chromatic chords. Here is the second strain of Valses nobles, D. 969, n11 (1828), with its "textbook perfect" V9 with a direct resolution. Bars 5-6 would require some discussion, however.

In their section on the dominant ninth, Benjamin, Horvit, Koozin, and Nelson include Strauss's Künstlerleben, one of the best known of his mid-period waltzes. I don't know what they say about it, as I don't have a copy of the anthology, but I can say that I find the choice of no. 3 particularly good because the ninth appears several times in different roles, and the only chromatic consideration is a relatively simple cadence to V at the halfway point. At (a) and (c) are internal resolutions (9 resolves within V). At (b) and (d) are "almost direct" resolutions (9 is held over the first part of I); the example below the score shows what a direct resolution would have been in (b). At (e) is the upward resolution of 9 that facilitates an ascending cadence. And at (f1) & (f2) is a very common device that flips the functional status of scale degrees ^7 & ^6: at (f1) ^7 is a simple chord tone and ^6 forms the ninth, but at (f2) ^7 is an appoggiatura and ^6 is a simple chord tone.

Simplified, correct, but not as expressive version of bars 6-8:

The question of repertoire choices appropriate for different levels can be explored through the repertoire list mentioned and linked to at the top of this post. I can add here that I have studied but have not yet reported on stage works from opéras comiques of the 1830s (mainly Adam, Auber) to operetta (Offenbach, Lecocq, Strauss), Savoy opera (Sullivan), and American operetta (Herbert) and musical (Kern). And of course there is something still to be said about that "genius of avoidance," Brahms.

New publication on dominant ninths and tonic sevenths

I have published The Dominant Ninth and Tonic Seventh in the Upper Tetrachord of the Major Key on the Texas ScholarWorks platform: link.

Here is the abstract:

Pieter van der Merwe, Derek B. Scott, and Norbert Linke have all written about the freedom with which nineteenth-century composers—especially those writing music for social dance and repertoires influenced by social dance—treated the upper tetrachord of the major key, an essential factor in the history of extended tertian chords and more generally in the history of still more complex harmonies. Examples total about 60; theirs and most of mine come from the 19th century waltz repertoire.

General comments

This may be a good moment to pause the survey of treatises and textbooks in order to make a few observations of a more general kind and to restate the goal of the survey and, beyond that, the goal of this blog.

There is a progressive historical narrative to be told, but it is not one of smooth, incremental movement from triads and seventh chords (18th century) through triads with added 6ths and ninth chords (1850?) to elevenths, thirteenths, and even more complex harmonic structures (1890? 1900?). One does find such narratives even in textbooks beginning in mid-century, but "histories of harmony" become much more common later, when history became an important cultural idea. The extended tertian chord model—stacking thirds—was particularly amenable to such accounts. As Damian Blättler describes it: "The fact that the model’s chord types can be arranged in sequence —triads are followed by seventh chords, seventh chords by ninth chords, and so on—has been used both as a pedagogical sequence and as a narrative about the development of chord types" (2013, 6). In a footnote Blättler offers an example:

A particularly clear-cut narrative claim is made by Alfredo Casella: "[Jean Marnold once said that the only musical difference between romanticism and the 18th century dwindled down to a single chord: the dominant major ninth. There is much truth in this, even though it seems to reduce a century of music to a purely technical problem.] Assuredly the chord of the major ninth, introduced by Weber, gave a totally different complexion to the entire musical language of the 19th century. Nor is it less evident that the exploitation of this chord reaches its culminating point in Debussy. . . . The following harmonic concept [the augmented 11th chord], . . . it is only in Ravel that the new chord is finally used in a constant, conscious, and spontaneous manner.”    [the section at the beginning of the quote was added from the original publication to broaden the context]

The ninth, however, was already among the figures that continuo players needed to learn in the late 17th century, and when early 18th century writers tried to gain control of the large catalogue of figures, the ninth came along, too. In practice, the common figures of the ninth were relatively few:

(It is important to remember that these are figures designed for musical practice, not theoretical categories. Thus, 9-8 might mean 9-8 over 3 as in (1) above in one city, but it might mean 9-8 over 4-3 as in (2) in another city or region; it might also mean either (1) or (2) in still a third city or region, the continuo keyboard player being expected to make an appropriate choice according to the circumstance.)

All of these we would understand as linear formations (probably suspensions, but also appoggiaturas or accented neighbor notes), but Rameau essentially "invented" the dominant ninth as a harmony, first through his elevation of the status of the dominant, then through his notion of supposition and the subsequent reverse strategy of stacking thirds. Because of his influence, (almost) everyone after him accepted the ninth chord as a harmonic entity (recall, for example, that it is among the eight basic chords in Catel's Traité: link). Thus the ninth chord was not "introduced by Weber"—it was a theoretically accepted harmony, but one without any real presence in practice (according to the treatise authors).

In fact, thanks to the exploitation of ^6 in the major key, as Jeremy Day-O'Connell has documented, the dominant ninth harmony—in its characteristically complex position as sometimes linear, sometimes harmonic—was already a part of musical practice no later than 1820, especially in music for dance. Here, as a reminder, are several examples from Schubert. (At least some of these were not presented in previous posts or in essays published on Texas ScholarWorks.) I looked at his last published set, the Valses nobles, D. 969, generally regarded as intended more for performance than as accompaniment for dancing. In no. 11, at (a), is a direct resolution. At (b), note the parallel treatment of V7, and at (c) the realization of the ascent through the upper tetrachord, G5-C6, that was encouraged by freer—and this case expressively and structurally significant—treatment of ^6.

In no. 2, a plainly audible indirect resolution with unfolded thirds: F#5 to E5, D5 to C#5. In the cadence the figure encourages an open ending (IAC, not PAC, with the melody on ^3).

In no. 5, another parallel treatment of the type most common in the waltz throughout the century: ^6-^5 over the dominant (bar 9), then ^6-^5 over the tonic (bar 11). Here the ninth is resolved internally, and the chord in bar 9 has to be regarded as an inversion of V7.

In no. 1, at (a), the internal resolution is stretched over three bars (A5 in bars 4-5 to G5 in bar 7). As in no. 11, the upper tetrachord remains important: in the cycle of fifths sequence at (b), then in the dramatic rising cadence at (c).

In no. 4, the urge toward the upper register is treated a bit differently. At (a), an accented ^6 resolves internally, and within the bar, is repeated, then repeated again as the dominant in the cadence (bar 7). The design is a small ternary form. In the reprise, At (b), the same figure, but then carried up to the instrument's highest octave to end—at (c).

Finally, in no. 10, ^6 is an essential expressive element, but its harmonic expression is vi (in bars 4 and 12), not V9.

The dominant ninth chord as a harmony finds it way into the theatre indirectly through the dance (especially in waltz numbers) and becomes a cliché by the time of Offenbach's great successes beginning with Orfée aux Enfers (1858) and continuing through the 1860s, but we should also point to its prominent appearance in the first act of Wagner's Lohengrin (1854) and in the Prelude to Act II of Tannhäuser (1860). For the latter I presented the passage below in this post: link.

This idea of intensification of the major dominant seventh at climax points or in cadences persisted through the rest of the century and beyond, as did ^6 with both V9 and Iadd6 in music of pastoral, lyrical, or sentimental character. (In the dance and concert dance repertoire, the history of the dominant ninth is bound up with a remarkably free treatment of the scale's upper tetrachord.) Only in the 1890s did color and harmony-as-function reach parity in concert musics, and in this sense Casella was right that "exploitation of this chord reaches its culminating point in Debussy."

I do not expect any grand new revelations to emerge from the roughly twenty additional textbooks/treatises still to be surveyed and discussed in this blog. The idea is to fill out and complete the documentation, but I will be looking for additional repertoire examples, which will of course serve the main goal of the blog as originally stated.

Reference:
Damian Blättler, "A Voicing-Centered Approach to Additive Harmony Music in France, 1889-1940," PhD dissertation, Yale University, 2013.
Alfredo Casella, “Ravel’s Harmony,” The Musical Times 67, no. 996 (February 1, 1926): 124-27. (Cited by Blättler)
Charles-Simon Catel, Traité d’harmonie (Paris, 1802). Digital facsimile published on the Internet Archive. Source: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.   Note: An edition from 1874 shows no changes in text or examples for the dominant ninth. Source: Bibliothèque nationale de France at gallica.bnf.fr.
Jeremy Day-O'Connell, Pentatonicism from the Eighteenth Century to Debussy (2007).

Foote and Spalding, Modern Harmony (1905) (2) note 1

In the previous post on Foote and Spalding's repertory examples of dominant ninth chords, I included this figure from their page 195:

This excerpt is certainly interesting, especially for its ascending move from the ninth, but Schubert's subsequent treatment of it in this variation movement from the A-minor sonata, D. 845 suggests that he was not thinking of it as a dominant ninth chord—or else we might say that he could have been in sympathy with those theorists who lumped the dominant ninth chord in with the dominant seventh and leading-tone seventh chords, and maybe even the ii chord (that is, any and all tertian entities that can be extracted from the dominant ninth chord).

Here is the context, the opening phrase of the theme's B-section, in which the ninth is part of a short "standing on the dominant" figure (the term is Caplin's; such figures to begin the B-section of a small binary or ternary form were stereotypical).

Already in the first variation, the bass changes the harmony to ii and thus A4 to the consonant fifth.

Variation 2: As in variation 1, but now the dissonance is gone!

Variation 3: G-F against Ab is brought very much into the foreground. The G is so obviously heard as an accented dissonant neighbor that the underlying chord in the first bar must be heard as vii°7.

Variation 4: Here the expressive idea of ascent takes over, but without the simple ^6-^7 figure of the theme. We can certainly hear the first bar as Ab: V9, with indirect resolution of the ninth in both fifth and sixth octaves in bar 2. Schubert continues to make the expressive point with the long scale that closes the phrase and leads to Eb7.

Variation 5: A predecessor to Schoenberg's fourth inversion of the ninth chord in Erklärte Nacht? No, a 2-3 bass suspension, A2-G2 against B3. And of course ^6 goes down, not up as in the theme.

Variation 5, end: As it would seem only Schubert can do, the end of the final variation leading into the coda turns unexpectedly magical. Not at (a), where he changes the mode to minor—but he does introduce a rising-scale figure that reaches Ab5 (note that the accented gesture is G and Ab). There is a source in the theme: the harmony is D minor with A4 at the top at the equivalent point that he reaches Db in this variation, but Schubert makes much more of it here than in the theme or earlier variations. At (b) we reach G5-Ab5 again, but now also get the reverse over dominant harmony. Then suddenly it is off into the sixth octave, A-natural, and a transcendent IV (no need for the triad's fifth; what we hear is without any doubt). Finally, at (d) even higher, but then with firm and continuing, if quiet,  descent into the final tonic.

Coda: Schubert isn't done yet. At (e), the old-fashioned turn to the subdominant in the prolongation of the structural tonic brings ^5-^6-^5 in F and so a little coloration of V9 in that key. At (f), Schubert reminds us of that transcendent IV from (c), again at (g), and even into the final seconds at (h).

Foote and Spalding, Modern Harmony (1905) (2)

Foote and Spalding's chapter on the ninth chords is distinctive for its generous number of examples from the repertoire, examples that show clearly the range and character of their own stylistic sources and assumptions.* One can see this already in their first page (p. 158). In Lohengrin below, G5 is strongly emphasized by position and duration, achieving the same kind of "climax coloration" that we found in American songs of the same period (see my essay Dominant Ninth Harmonies in American Songs around 1900: link). As with Wagner, Schubert moves the ninth (but ascending) over a stable dominant bass. The two brief excerpts from Beethoven are common instances from the era of the minor dominant ninth.

The next three examples are also concerned with the minor dominant ninth chord.

Amy (Mrs. H. H. A.) Beach's "Fireflies," no. 4 from Four Sketches, op. 15 (1892), has many dominant ninths, both major and minor. This short passage comes less than twenty bars from the end. Something of the flavor of the whole can be gotten by a slightly larger excerpt (see below). "Walküre" is a striking resolution of the minor dominant ninth, with ninth in the alto and fifth moving upward chromatically. "Parsifal" is a passing major ninth within a wedge shape: F-F#-G in the top voice, F-E-Eb in the bass.

Further comment on Amy (Mrs. H. H. A.) Beach, op. 15n4. Below is a slightly larger excerpt (bars -18 to -10). The passage quoted by Foote and Spalding is boxed; instances of the dominant ninth are circled: all but the last are understood as major dominant ninth chords, but see my final comments and the figure below the score. For the moment, notice the strongly marked direct resolution of the ninth in bars -11 to-10. The tonic reached in bar -10 is the final chord, prolonged by figuration to the end.

Here is a reduced view of the harmony and voice leading:

Obviously, this reduction isn't as good as it could be, since the move major-dominant-ninth to minor-triad is problematic. The composer "sneaks in" a minor ninth just before the chord change, and thus it would have been better to notate the entire example as follows:

Beach's "Fireflies" is one of those rare compositions before 1900 in which the dominant ninth is strongly motivic. Here is the opening, the ninth chords marked (minor in bars 1-2, 8; major in 5-6).

And here is a reduction of the harmony and voice leading:

More of Foote and Spalding's repertoire examples will appear in a subsequent post.

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* Such generosity was not typical earlier in the 19th century, but I should point out that by the end of the century multiple examples from the repertoire were commonly used, either for practical compositional or analytical purposes, as with Foote and Spalding, or as examples of historical practices.

Reference:
Arthur Foote and Walter Spalding, Modern Harmony in its Theory and Practice (1905). Source: Internet Archive; digital facsimile of a copy in the UCLA library.

Schubert again

Here are several more examples of dominant ninth harmonies in Schubert, mostly from Laendler but also one from the song cycle Die schöne Müllerin.

D734n5:

D790n12:

D366n17:

D734n16:

D783n2:

Die schöne Müllerin, n12 "Pause":

Josef Lanner

Josef Lanner is the one contemporary about whom we can be confident that he influenced Schubert's own waltz improvisation and composition. We know that Schubert heard Lanner’s orchestra in live performance, probably on multiple occasions and while Johann Strauss, sr., was still a member of the band.

Lanner, Trennungs-Walzer (1828), op19_n5, first strain. A curiously reversed resolution in bars 9-10. The circles throughout the strain show the overwhelming dissonance-resolution motive. In bars 9-10, however, the third of the underlying chord (D#5/D#6) is resolved to the ninth C#5/C#6!

Lanner, Flora-Walzer, op33_n4, first strain. Scale degree ^6 is a melodic element in each instance.

Lanner, Redout-Carneval-Tänze (second set; 1830), op42_n5, first strain. Similar to op19n5 in its motive, but now there is no "mistake" about the resolution of ^6.

Lanner, op19_n2. As in the previous example.

Lanner, op33_n4, second strain. Similar to one of the examples from Schubert in its sustained drive upwards culminating on the highly expressive ^6 as the ninth of the dominant.

Lanner, op42_n6. Three different treatments of the ninth, at (a), (b), and (c).

The remaining examples are all direct resolutions, that is, the ninth resolves not within the dominant but in the following tonic.

Lanner, op33_n5.

Lanner, op42_n5, second strain

Lanner, Alpen-Rosen Walzer (1842), op162 n3

Lanner, op162 n4

Lanner, Die Romantiker (1842), op167 n4

Schubert, part 2

This continues last week's post with further examples of the treatment of ^6 and the dominant ninth harmony in Schubert's waltz collections, D365 (1821) and D779 (1825).

D779n30. The ninth first appears in the pickup to bar 5, then is repeated as part of a simple arpeggio (notably without ^7) and is easily heard to resolve as ^6-^5 over I in bar 6.

D365_n12. We hear V9 unequivocally in bar 2, but there is no ^5 in bar 3 (we would have to imagine it). But there is no doubt in bars 6-7, where the figure is repeated an octave higher and the ninth resolves on the strong beat of bar 7. Note that the second inversion of I counts as a harmony for resolution of the ninth -- Schubert was quite fond of dominant pedal points, especially in his early Laendler, and he put all sorts of melodic figures above them.

D779n17. A textbook case of a true V9 harmony resolving directly, with a 6-5 figure over I.

D779n2. Almost identical to the preceding, except that the V9 is more strongly defined.

D365_n30. Like the above, and repeated on the dominant level at the beginning of the second strain.

D779n20. Like the above.